What do brown dwarfs teach us about stars? What do they teach us about planets? What keeps them warm, and how long do they live?

What do brown dwarfs teach us about stars? What do they teach us about planets? What keeps them warm, and how long do they live?
What does the Drake Equation teach us about extraterrestrial civilizations? What does it NOT teach us? Is it even science?
What’s the connection between motion and magnetism? How can something like a black hole have a magnetic field?
What was going in the very early universe? How does inflation provide the seeds of larger structures?
What are some weaknesses with the standard Big Bang model? What are the horizon and flatness problems? How does accelerated expansion solve these?
What is the cosmological constant? How is the expansion of the universe related to quantum fields? How does a vacuum energy produce accelerated expansion?
What is a quantum state? How can two particles share the same state? What is entanglement, and does it really allow for faster-than-light communication?
Were the dark ages really dark? What is a perturbation, and how did they grow in the early universe?