Podcaster: Dr. Pamela Gay;
Title: Escape Velocity Space News – EVSN: Temperatures That Kill
Organization: Cosmoquest
Link: http://dailyspace.org/
Description:
From February 19, 2025.
Let’s take a fast-paced journey thru all that’s new in space and astronomy, including a potentially killer asteroid, a new look at the history of Earth’s water, and a mini-quasi-moon, along with a deep dive into climate change, and tales from the launch pad.
Bio: Dr. Pamela Gay is a Senior Scientist at Planetary Science Institute and a Director of CosmoQuest.
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Transcript:
[Intro]
It’s the 365 Days of Astronomy podcast, coming in 3, 2, 1.
[Dr. Pamela Gay]
Welcome to Escape Velocity Space News. I’m your host, Dr. Pamela Gay, and I’m here to put science in your brain. Our episodes have been slightly more spaced out for the past couple of months for a variety of reasons.
First, there were the holidays. Since then, I and some colleagues have been putting significant effort into a pair of tiny NASA grants as we try to get ahead on our work in case the budgets are affected by any of the changes happening to U.S. science funding rules and guidelines. This means I’ve been focused on writing software instead of writing news.
I hope to be able to share with you shortly what we’ve been up to. The other factor which, I admit, led to me taking a couple of days off is the constant whiplash from changing rules and revoked changes to rules. EVSN is produced through a small science institute, and the people I work with are directly impacted by every change to federal funding.
My desire to report their stories is strong, but in many ways the story is too close, and my emotions are too strong. I’m seeing people who are the best in the world at what they do having their livelihoods threatened because they are women or minorities who dare to exist in science. What alternative career is there for the planetary scientist who just lost their home to the LA fires, lost their job at JPL, and now faces a reality where NASA is removing the profiles of women and minorities from its websites and the administration is freezing and canceling grant funds to institutes?
This is the very real question far too many are now asking. There’s a war going on inside of me as I vacillate between knowing I need to call my congresspeople and I need to do my work like normal because that’s my duty and this feeling of I just want to hide under my bed reading books waiting for the insanity to end. If anyone has any good books to recommend, my DMs are open.
I’m currently reading Tomi Adeyemi’s Legacy of Aresha series, but I’m about out of pages remaining to read. We are now about a month into the current regime, and I think it is safe to say there are no brakes that can be applied on this mad hatter’s ride through democracy. We each need to make it our personal responsibility to call our congress humans and ask for what we need in order for ourselves and the things we care about, like science, to thrive.
And then we need to get on with doing what we need to do to survive through this. And for me and our team at EVSN, this means bringing you science news. For better or worse, this week’s news includes an asteroid with a greater than 2% chance of hitting Earth, so that’s something to look forward to.
And since we’re all in a foul mood anyways, we’re going to run through the latest results in climate change for our closer look. All this and more is coming to you right here, right now, on EVSN, a product of CosmoQuest, and supported through our Patreon. Every once in a while, the universe likes to remind us it has the ability to kill us.
Meet asteroid 2024 YR4. Discovered in late December, it could just hit the Earth on December 22nd, 2032. Discovered by the Atlas Survey, it was initially calculated to have a 1.3% chance of hitting Earth. And that percentage hasn’t gone down with further data. In the past, new observations of potentially hazardous asteroids have consistently revealed lower to no chance of impact, so folks are feeling a bit uncomfortable right now. As I write this on February 9th, the risk stands at 2.2% chance of impact, and it sits at level 3 on the Trino scale. This means there will be, quote, a close encounter meriting attention by astronomers. Current calculations give a 1% or greater chance of collision, capable of localized destruction. Most likely, new telescopic observations will lead to reassignment to level zero.
Attention by the public, and by public officials, is merited if the encounter is less than a decade away. So, with that potential impact in 2032, we’re supposed to feel uncomfortable, and we need to pay attention. Measuring somewhere between 130 and 300 feet, or 40 to 90 meters wide, this asteroid is small enough to only be visible when closest to Earth, which last occurred December 25th, 2024, and prior to that in 2016 and 2020.
Researchers are now calculating all the possible orbits that can be fit through the observations taken since its discovery, and they are looking through the archives to see if they can find the asteroid somewhere on one of those paths. So far, archival images from the Subaru telescope have failed to find the asteroid along the path of several good-but-doesn’t-hit-Earth orbits. More searching is being done, and a whole lot of new images are being taken as this asteroid races into the distance and fades from view.
Per their Blue Sky account, Andy Rivkin and his team have successfully gotten JWST time to pin down the size of the asteroid so we can better plan to move it if needed. The timeline to do something isn’t very long. In 2028, when next we pass, Earth and YR4 will be about 8 million kilometers apart, which isn’t going to allow precision radar measurements, but it will allow the orbit to be better determined.
If we can get our act together, we should be able to build and launch a mission to chase down the asteroid and get the kind of observations that will help us know if it is one mostly solid object or some kind of a boulder or rubble pile. And if we’re going to need to deflect it, we may need to have options ready to launch in 2028 or earlier. NASA and ESA have minimal experience moving asteroids thanks to the DART mission.
If the will and the funding were in place, we could launch a twin in time to take advantage of that 2028 closest approach. Here at EVSN, we will be following closely as new data comes in and decisions are made at the international level concerning how we as a planet should respond. And if you’re in the mood to doom scroll Mother Nature, Blue Sky seems to be the place to scroll.
Follow along on hashtag 2024 YR4 for asteroid updates. While major asteroid and comet impacts have often been devastating for life on Earth, life on Earth wouldn’t be here without impacts that occurred early in our world’s history. As the story goes, due to our planet’s position in the solar system and early hotness, it just didn’t start out with the oceans life enjoys today.
Exactly when and what delivered all that H2O we enjoy is an area of ongoing research. One leading theory looked to the early collision between the proto-Earth and a Mars-sized planet called Theia as one possible explanation. If Theia came from further out in the solar system where water could have been part of its original composition, a single event could explain the moon’s formation and how the Earth got its oceans on.
But new work led by Catherine Birmingham in Chemica et Cosmica Acta says that event wasn’t all that. Instead, rocks collected from the oldest geologies on Earth, rocks from when the Earth and Theia collided, have compositions consistent with inner solar system meteorites. As Birmingham explains, quote, our results suggest that the moon-forming event was not a major supplier of water, unlike what has been thought previously, end quote.
Like the early Earth, Theia was a dry planet. This research, while ruling out theories on the origins of water, did bring other issues with Earth’s chemistry into agreement with observations. So there are multiple reasons to trust the study.
Now, theorists get to explain how water came later, either something catastrophic happened without much record, or it was water by a thousand impacts. I look forward to seeing what ideas come next. Understanding our world and the universe beyond requires a lot of observations to be combined with a lot of knowledge and amazing feats of creativity.
Last year, a potentially hazardous object, catalogued as 2024 PT5, was discovered on an Earth-crossing orbit. While it didn’t remain above zero on the Torino scale for very long, it certainly caught the eye of planetary scientists who were intrigued by its orbit that will keep bringing it near Earth on lingering passives. Classified as a quasi-mini moon, it has an appearance that twins are OG moon in color.
And color often, but not always, reflects chemistry. Luckily, the data to look at chemistry was acquired by IRTF at Mauna Kea. According to Teddy Corretta, we had a general idea that this asteroid may have come from the moon, but the smoking gun was when we found out that it was rich in silicate minerals, not the kind that are seen on asteroids, but those that have been found in lunar rock samples.
These results were published in the astrophysical journal Letters with Corretta as lead author. 2024 PT5 is the second asteroid discovered to have a lunar composition. The other, 469219 Kama’o’owelewa, is also a quasi-moon.
It’s thought both these objects formed during a lunar impact. Large impacts can send debris, including small asteroid-sized chunks of rock, into space. Here on Earth, we have collected meteorites that originated from the moon, Mars, and various asteroids that were knocked into space on collision paths with us.
It’s interesting to think there could even be bits of Earth out there from the impact that killed the dinosaurs. And it’s good to know we are, for now, actively working to make sure we don’t go the way of the dinosaurs. After a break, we’ll be back to look at our warming world.
The numbers are in. 2024 was the hottest year on record, and global average temperatures were up 1.4 degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels. This increase is what scientists have been saying we must avoid if at all possible.
And now that we’re here, we’re seeing our world change in ways that make forecasting the weather exceedingly more difficult, and makes keeping us all alive somehow even more difficult than predicting that weather. As a reminder, a change in the average means that some places could have gone down 10 degrees while others went up 20 degrees. We’ve had substantially warmer temperatures in polar regions, with wild variations in mid-latitudes.
Here in southern Illinois, we’re seeing record highs and record lows at all points throughout the year. Results will vary from place to place, but in general, what we are all experiencing is a change in the weather patterns and what plants and animals can and do thrive in which ecosystems. Combined, this is climate change.
And human beings are among those animals not always thriving all that well in our changing world. Since 2000, there have been greater than 260,000 heat-related fatalities, with more than half occurring during three separate heat waves, including the 2003 heat wave in Europe, the 2010 heat wave in Russia, and the 2022 heat wave in Europe. These unintended experiments with human life have taught us that somewhere between a wet bulb temperature of 20 and 34 degrees Celsius, or 68 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit, our environment becomes unsurvivable even for people able to stay hydrated and stay in the shade.
Those temperatures likely sound confusingly low, but the key is that they’re discussing a wet bulb temperature and not the standard air temperature. This is the temperature you get if you put a wet cloth around a thermometer exposed to outside conditions, including sun and wind, to simulate the effects of sweating. The wet bulb temperature is generally lower than the temperature you will see from a weather station and can actually be substantially cooler in some situations, like high wind and low humidity.
In general, older people are much more heat intolerant than younger people, but anyone can be struck down by heat exhaustion. Between 1994 and 2023, 20% of the Earth’s landmass exceeded the generally safe limits for people over 60, and temperatures hit the people under 60 will potentially die levels for 2% of the planet. Things will only get worse as temperatures rise.
According to a new paper in Nature Review’s Earth and Environment, led by Tom Matthews, the percentage of the Earth that hits intolerable temperatures will increase as our world’s average temperature increases. If temperatures go up just another half a degree, we’ll see more than a third of our planet surpass safe temperatures for people over 60, and 6% of our planet’s landmass will become unsafe for even healthy younger humans. And while people die based on their health with prolonged exposures to air temperatures still below 100 degrees Fahrenheit or 30 degrees Celsius, we’re seeing temperatures on this planet exceeding 50 degrees Celsius or 122 degrees Fahrenheit.
It’s easy to say just turn on the A.C. or go to a cooling center, but that isn’t an option for the unhoused or people living in tents in areas of the world dealing with war and natural disasters. Power shortages in industrial places like California can cause widespread power outages, and pride and love of pets can keep people from wanting to leave their homes. What we have done to our world won’t kill our planet, but it can kill us.
As the human habitable zones shrink, so too do the glaciers. A new study in Nature Geoscience, led by Thomas Cudley, looks at the accelerating growth of crevasses in Greenland’s glaciers. Their study looked at the ice from 2016 to 2021.
They find that, quote, the acceleration of ice flow in Greenland forces significant increases in crevassing on time scales of less than five years, end quote. Using satellite data and new machine learning software that automated crevasse detection and measurement using 3D satellite imagery, they looked at crevasse growth in size and number. Overall, crevassing is increasing, and the growth of crevasses is also increasing.
Study researcher Emma Mackey points out, crevasses can induce accelerated ice flow, leading to more crevassing. So there are these potential positive feedback loops caused by crevassing. This mechanism should be considered in Greenland ice sheet models that we’re using to project future sea level rise, end quote.
Greenland’s ice melt has added about 10 millimeters to sea level since 1992, and is estimated to add another 30 centimeters by the end of the century. Looking toward the Southern Hemisphere, we’re seeing large chunks of ice sheet break free. In 1986, an ice sheet cataloged as A23A broke away from the Fleischer Rhone ice shelf.
Initially, it was grounded on the seafloor, but eventually it broke free, admittedly only to get stuck spinning in an ocean current. In 2024, however, it got totally unstuck and moved into the Antarctic circumpolar current and started to make its way toward warmer waters. With a surface area of about 3,500 square kilometers, this is the largest iceberg in the world, and it is on a collision course with South Georgia Island.
Its location is being monitored by NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite, and data that was still available on NOAA’s website on February 9th show it is still in the open ocean. If it does strike the tiny island, it could block access to the open ocean for the penguin colonies that call St. Georgia home. As we learn more, we’ll provide updates on this story.
Before we go to break, I need to highlight something I’ve needed to do in this episode that I’ve never had to do before. More than once, I’ve highlighted on what day information was still available on various government websites. Due to the rapid takeover of government agencies by Elon Musk’s Douge team and fear of reprisals if content Trump dislikes remains online, we’re seeing websites go down left and right.
In preparing for this episode, I accessed data and information from NASA, NOAA, and the USGS, as well as sites funded through NSF and NASA programs, including the Catalina Sky Survey and the Minor Planet Center. Our tax dollars here in the U.S. already paid for these resources, as well as for many of the resources that have already been removed from so many federal websites. I don’t know about you, but I am not one to throw out information.
And that is what is happening when websites of research are taken offline. We aren’t approaching the burning of the Library of Alexandria levels of destruction of content yet, but we are reaching epic levels of waste. There is a long tradition of labeling webpages from old projects as archival and no longer maintained, and keeping them online.
We are erasing the past when we delete instead of archive. And a society that doesn’t know where it’s been will repeat its mistakes as surely as a researcher who can’t learn from colleagues’ past efforts will repeat their failed experiments. The phrase that keeps repeating in my mind is the Hillel the Elder’s inspired quote, If not me, then who?
If not now, then when? Things in our world are moving fast, and we need to adopt habits of self-advocacy and, where we are able, advocacy for those who can’t speak for themselves. As a journalist, I’m here to report the truth.
As an American, I follow the words of Obi-Wan. My allegiance is to the Republic, to democracy. And I will be making phone calls as a human, asking for the reinstatement of federally funded webpages, data, and content.
There’s more on my list, but that’s where I will start my next round of calls. After the break, I’ll be joined by Eric Mattis for this week’s Tales from the Launchpad. Next up, I’m pleased to welcome on aerospace correspondent Eric Mattis for this week’s Tales from the Launchpad.
Hey, Eric.
[Eric Mattis]
Hi, Pamela. On January 15th, SpaceX launched two lunar landers, Firefly’s Blue Ghost and I-Space’s Hakuto RM-2 into orbit on a Falcon 9 rocket. Falcon 9 was able to carry both landers into orbit and send them onto their way to the moon.
Blue Ghost is a lunar lander from Firefly Aerospace, developed under contract with NASA’s Eclipse program. It has several NASA and university payloads. Blue Ghost will race itself from its elliptical Earth orbit to the moon.
Hakuto RM-2, I-Space’s follow-up to the unsuccessful Hakuto RM-1 mission, was sent into a higher orbit with a second burn of the Falcon 9’s upper stage, and will take a low-energy, 30-day ballistic transfer to the moon, following a gravity assist. It also has a mix of science payloads from NASA and universities, and also a small plaque referencing the anime Bobo Suit Gundam. As of recording this episode, Blue Ghost had completed its first apogee-raising burn and second burn overall.
Hakuto RM-2 had completed its first burn and set up for its lunar flyby. On January 16th, Blue Origin successfully launched the Blue Ring Pathfinder mission on the first New Glenn rocket. The launch was delayed from earlier in the week by weather and a problem with the rocket’s ground system.
The goal of this mission was to test the communications subsystem of the Blue Ring Space Tug, a Blue Origin spacecraft that will be used to deliver customer payloads to specific orbits, including outside of Earth orbit. The launch count on the 16th proceeded with fewer holds than the previous attempt, only one minor halt at T-20 minutes to clear a wayward boat in the maritime hazard zone. New Glenn took off from Launch Complex 36, very slowly, alarming some viewers online.
This was normal, and headed east under the seven brilliant blue flames of its BE-4 engines. Three minutes into flight, the first stage separated and headed towards Jaclyn, Blue Origin’s landing barge. The second stage was formed nominally for its about 10-minute burn.
Blue Origin showed video from the first stage descending, but later lost telemetry on the webcast, and confirmed it had crashed in the ocean. As of recording this episode, they did not say why it had crashed. The Blue Ring Pathfinder payload operated nominally during its six-hour mission.
Following the launch, the FAA announced there would be a mishap investigation for the booster landing, consistent with the new Part 450 launch license Blue Origin was authorized under. Overall, a resounding success for the first launch of a new rocket. A little disappointing they didn’t Later on January 16th, SpaceX conducted the seventh launch of the Starship rocket.
The goals for this flight were to repeat the profile of the previous mission, Flight 6, which featured a booster landing at the tower and a landing of the upper stage in the Indian Ocean. That did not go to plan at all. The launch was delayed a few days for weather, just like New Glenn, finally lifting off at 1637.
SpaceX was observed to fly a new trajectory compared to Flight 6, with the rocket flying much deeper than before. This is to reduce how much first stage needed to fire to return to the launch site, and give it the best chance of landing. Like the last couple of flights, the hot staging went well.
The booster landed, but not before losing another engine. That was the good thing for this flight. It got much worse afterwards.
After burning for several minutes, the Starship upper stage began to lose engines. First a vacuum raptor, then a C-level, then another vacuum raptor, and the other two C-level raptors. Then it exploded.
Because it was flying on offset thrust for several minutes before exploding, it deviated from the published launch hazard areas. Shibiru was found hundreds of kilometers downrange of the hazard area. Video from around the Caribbean showed the vehicle burning up on re-entry.
Dozens of flights around Puerto Rico, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the British Virgin Islands were diverted around the debris, with at least two flights being forced across the debris area and make emergency landings in Puerto Rico due to fuel levels. Debris landed on people’s homes and vehicles in the Turks and Caicos Islands and Puerto Rico. This was the most significant commercial spaceflight accident in the 20 or so years they’ve been happening.
An incident like this was inevitable, with the unreliable Starship rocket having only one flight azimuth out of its Boca Chica spaceport, that it has to thread the needle through between populated areas at the end of its burn. A tragic irony on this flight was it happened 22 years to the day of the final launch of the Space Shuttle Columbia, which would burn up over Texas seven days later, resulting in the deaths of seven astronauts. Fortunately, no injuries to any people were reported.
The FAA grounded the Starship rocket pending an accident investigation. It remains to be seen how long the grounding will be, given the new presidential administration’s friendliness to Elon Musk and his companies. On January 23rd, China launched a satellite named TJS-W14 into orbit from the Xichang spaceport.
TJS-W14 is the latest in a series of communications technology test satellites the Chinese government uses to develop new technology. On January 28th, ISRO launched the IRNSS-1K satellite from the Sichuan spaceport. IRNSS-1K, also designated NVS-2, is a replacement navigation satellite for the Indian government’s regional navigation satellite system.
Launch on a GSLV Mark 2 was successful, but later ISRO officials declared the satellite was stuck in its insertion orbit after valves connected to the satellite’s fuel tanks failed to actuate. ISRO was investigating what mission the satellite could perform from its eccentric orbit, but it will likely decay from orbit in a few weeks or months. On January 29th, SpaceX launched the Spacesat-NG-1 mission from Launch Complex 39A.
Spacesat-NG-1 is a large communications satellite for the Spanish government. It was so large the Falcon 9 carrying it had to be expended, the first such mission in quite a while. The booster chosen for this was Booster 73 on its 21st and final flight.
On February 2nd, Jaxa launched the 5th H-III rocket into orbit from the Tanegashima spaceport. On board was the 6th quasi-xenon satellite for Japan’s regional satellite navigation system. QZSS operates from an inclined geostationary orbit to provide navigation signals to Japan.
On February 4th, Blue Origin conducted the NS-29 mission from the Texas spaceport. On board this New Shepard, a set of people were 29 payloads. These payloads would get to experience two minutes of simulated lunar gravity thanks to the capsule spinning itself up to 11 rpm.
Other methods of doing lunar payload gravity currently only allow for up to like 20 seconds, so this is a big improvement. NASA supported Blue Origin in developing this capability for New Shepard and provided most of the payloads. These featured experiments in managing dust, moving fluids in lunar gravity, and also how fire behaves differently on the moon.
New Shepard launched in the late morning and the capsule returned to earth 10 minutes and 6 seconds later, having reached an apogee of 104 kilometers above ground level. There were also five launches of satellite satellites and one launch of space sail satellites. We keep track of orbital launches by launch site, also called spaceport.
According to RocketLaunch.Live so far this year, the United States has had 20 launches, China has 6 launches, India, Japan, and New Zealand, and Russia each have had 1 launch. This makes the total number of launches so far this year 30. Finally, there are 9 toilets in space.
Of these 30 launches, there have been 1 failure, reminding us that space is hard.
[Dr. Pamela Gay]
Thanks, Eric. Before we go, I have the weirdest set of facts to report. The U.S. human presence in space is supposed to be flying back and forth from the ISS on a combo of SpaceX and Boeing crew capsules. Unfortunately, this plan was undermined by Boeing’s own failures to deliver on time and a myriad of valve issues. Space is hard. But this means that NASA has blown through the provisioned flights it could take on its two crew dragons.
The crew dragon currently attached to the ISS is about done, and the last one to return to Earth has been retired. In December, NASA announced it would be spring at the earliest before a new crew dragon might be available and ready to fly NASA astronauts. I have so far been unable to learn if a new crew dragon capsule has been delivered to NASA.
It might have happened, I just haven’t been able to find news that it has happened. While everyone on the ISS waits for a new crew dragon to be ready to fly NASA’s next crew to the ISS, Starliner astronauts Suni Williams and Butch Wilmore are entering month 9 of their 8-day mission. As previously reported, Suni has been assigned command of the ISS, and she is putting her spacewalking skills to work, doing general repairs and maintenance.
Her January 30th spacewalk, in combination with prior time logged outside the ISS, allowed Suni to surpass Peggy Whitson’s prior record for most non-consecutive hours spent on spacewalks by a woman. With 62 hours and 6 minutes behind her, she needs a little over 20 hours to achieve the all-time record of 82 hours, 22 minutes held by Anatoly Soloyev. That could happen, but it’s more likely she’ll break the U.S. record of 67 hours, 40 minutes held by Michael Lopez-Algria. Here’s to hoping she holds the next record. And that’s it for now. Good night everyone, and remember to go look up.
Just me and the cat! Thank you all so very much. You allow everything we do to be possible.
If you too would like to hear me stumble over pronouncing your name, please join our Patreon community at the $10 a month or higher level.
[EVSN Outtro]
♪♪♪ Escape Velocity Space News is executive produced and written by Dr. Pamela Gay. The This Week in Aerospace segment is written and researched by Eric Mattis, Gordon Duess, and Dave Billard. Audio engineering is provided by Ali Pelfrey.
Escape Velocity Space News is a production of the Planetary Science Institute, a 501c3 nonprofit dedicated to exploring our solar system and beyond. We are here thanks to the generous contributions of people like you. The best way you can support us is through patreon.com slash CosmoQuestX. Patreon benefits include exclusive access to ad-free podcasts, full-length guest interviews, weekly video chats with our production team, and other bonus content. Like us? Please share us!
You never know whose life you can change by adding a little bit of science.
[Outtro]
♪♪♪ You are listening to the 365 Days of Astronomy podcast. ♪♪♪ Cool.
[Outtro]
♪♪♪ The 365 Days of Astronomy podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. Audio post-production is by me, Richard Drumm. Project management is by Avivah Yamani.
And hosting is donated by LibSyn.com. This content is released under a Creative Commons Attribution, non-commercial 4.0 international license. Please share what you love, but don’t sell what’s free.
This show is made possible thanks to the generous donations of people like you. Please consider supporting our show on Patreon.com forward slash CosmoQuestX and get access to bonus content. Without your passion and contribution, we won’t be able to share the stories and inspire the world.
We invite you to join our community of storytellers and share your voice with listeners worldwide. As we wrap up today’s episode, we’re looking forward to unraveling more stories from the universe. With every new discovery from ground-based and space-based observatories and each milestone in space exploration, we come closer to understanding the cosmos and our place within it.
Until next time, let the stars guide your curiosity.
End of podcast:
365 Days of Astronomy
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The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by Planetary Science Institute. Audio post production by me, Richard Drumm, project management by Avivah Yamani, and hosting donated by libsyn.com. This content is released under a creative commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license. Please share what you love but don’t sell what’s free.
This show is made possible thanks to the generous donations of people like you! Please consider supporting our show on Patreon.com/CosmoQuestX and get access to bonus content. Without your passion and contribution, we won’t be able to share the stories and inspire the worlds. We invite you to join our community of storytellers and share your voice with listeners worldwide.
As we wrap up today’s episode, we are looking forward to unravel more stories from the Universe. With every new discovery from ground-based and space-based observatories, and each milestone in space exploration, we come closer to understanding the cosmos and our place within it.
Until next time let the stars guide your curiosity!