Podcaster: Paul M. Sutter
Title: AaS! 243: So Is the Warp Drive Legit or Not?
Organization: INFN Trieste and OSU CCAPP
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Description:
What is an Alcubierre warp drive? What would it take to make it work? Could it propel spacecraft even below the speed of light? I discuss these questions and more in today’s Ask a Spaceman!
Bio: Paul Sutter received his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as a Department of Energy Computational Science Graduate Fellow. He then spent three years as a Postdoctoral Fellow in Next-Generation Cosmic Probes at the Paris Institute of Astrophysics, and is currently an INFN Fellow in Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and a Visiting Scholar at the Ohio State University’s Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics. He is inexplicably drawn to positions with very long titles.
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Transcript:
[Intro]
It’s the 365 Days of Astronomy podcast, coming in 3, 2, 1. Somehow, we all know how a warp drive works. You’re in your spaceship, and you need to get to another star system, or get the heck out of Dodge, and you press a button, or flip a switch, or pull a lever, and your ship just goes fast.
Like, really fast. Faster than the speed of light. Fast enough that you can get to your next destination by the end of the next commercial break.
[Paul M Sutter]
Warp drives are staples of science fiction, and in 1994, they became a part of science fact. That’s when Mexican physicist Miguel Alcubierre, who was inspired by Star Trek, decided to see if it was possible to build a warp drive. Not, like, actually build one with wrenches and pipes, but to see if it was even possible to be allowed to build a warp drive given our current knowledge of physics.
And physics is just a mathematical exploration of the natural universe. The natural universe appears to play by certain rules. Certain actions are allowed, and other actions are not allowed.
And the actions that are allowed have to proceed in a certain orderly fashion. Physics tries to capture all of those rules and express them in mathematical form. So, Alcubierre wondered, does our knowledge of how nature works permit a warp drive or not?
Now, of course, our knowledge of nature is constantly changing and being updated. But what matters is right now, at this very moment, with this snapshot of our state of knowledge, can we do it? And the answer surprised him.
It was yes. It’s not a firm, resounding yes. It’s more like a soft, hesitant yes.
But a yes is still a yes, which opens up some intriguing possibilities. And at first glance, it seems like it should be a hard no. I mean, we are talking about faster than light travel, and we all know that you can’t travel faster than the speed of light.
That’s baked into special relativity. And it isn’t just some speed limit posted on the highway. It’s a real hard and fast rule of the universe.
Like, don’t even try getting around it. We’ve been testing it for over a century. And it seems to be a result of the way that space and time weave into each other.
It’s not just the speed of light. It’s the speed of causality. It’s how the universe orders itself from past to future and how causes lead to effects.
So just going really fast isn’t going to do the trick. But special relativity isn’t the end of the story. There’s a broader, more general version of relativity.
Which is general relativity. And general relativity says that you can never exceed the speed of light locally. That means that you can never measure yourself going faster than light.
And nobody right next to you can ever see you whiz by going faster than light. If I look at the stuff that surrounds me, nearby people, spaceships, planets, then by comparing myself to nearby objects, I can never go faster than light. But far away things, in special cases, yeah, you can get faster than light.
This is how we are able to understand things like the expansion of the universe. Distant galaxies appear to recede away from us faster than light. In fact, any galaxy that’s further away than 13.8 billion light years is going to be moving away from us faster than the speed of light. And that’s no big deal because we check our local environment. Here we are in the Milky Way. We look around and say, nope, nope, we’re not going faster than the speed of light.
In fact, we’re barely moving at all. And then we look at one of those distant galaxies, and everyone living in that distant galaxy, they look around, they’re like, nope, nope, same here. We’re not moving around at all.
We’re fine. We check our local environment, and we confirm we are not going faster than light. That far off galaxy checks its local environment and confirms that it’s not going faster than light, and we’re all good.
But the space between us is expanding. And so even though neither of us is moving, we’re still getting separated faster than the speed of light. This doesn’t break causality because that galaxy that’s really far away and receding away from us faster than the speed of light, it’s too far away.
I can never affect it. What this means is that that galaxy is beyond my influence, that I’m seeing the light that it emitted a long time ago, and I’m never going to see the light that it is emitting right now. So causality is preserved, cause and effect.
Normal chain of past to future is all good, even though distant galaxies are receding faster than light. So that was the challenge that Alcubierre had, and I have to work so hard not to lean into a super thick, heavy French accent with that name like Alcubierre. I’ll do my best.
That was the challenge he had to face. How to arrange space-time so that you never locally travel faster than the light. That’s the big no-no.
But you still arrive at your destination faster than light. It sounds like a contradiction, but he realized that one way to tackle this is to take the reverse problem of the expansion of the universe. Instead of space expanding between two points, Alcubierre asked, what if you arranged it so that space was compressed between two points?
What if I look at that distant star, distant galaxy, wherever my destination is, and instead of imagining the space between us getting bigger and bigger and bigger like it is in an expanding universe, what if I imagine that space getting smaller and smaller and smaller? And Alcubierre was able to construct this, arrange this kind of space-time where the distances between you and your destination get shorter by creating a very special kind of wave that travels with the spaceship. So the idea is you’re in your spaceship, and you sit inside of a bubble.
And this bubble has perfectly flat space-time, which is going to be very important in just a little bit. In front of the bubble, there’s this wave. You can imagine this like wake that’s being pushed in front.
It’s not actually what’s happening, but it’s a good analogy. And you can imagine the space in front of the ship getting compressed. It’s getting squeezed together.
So if you had a ruler just hanging out in space, and then Alcubierre’s ship comes towards you, and with this ruler is in front of the ship, that ruler is going to get shorter. It’s not a meter anymore. It’s going to be three-quarters of a meter or a tenth of a meter.
It will literally be shorter because space itself is compressed. That compression of space in front of the bubble pulls the bubble forward, and behind the bubble, space is stretched out, just like it is in an expanding universe. You’re stretching out the space behind you.
That pushes on the ship. But amazingly, inside the bubble, like I said, it’s flat space. It means it’s nothing.
There’s no movement whatsoever. If you were inside that bubble, which we’re going to go ahead and call a warp drive bubble, and you’re sitting in the command chair of your spaceship, you wouldn’t feel anything. You don’t feel acceleration.
You don’t feel movement at all. According to all of your local measurements, you’ve got to say, hey, am I violating the speed of light rule today? And you go out and make some local measurements of anything else surrounding you in your bubble.
Not only would you not measure yourself going faster than light, you wouldn’t measure yourself going any speed at all. According to you, according to your local observations, you’re not moving. But your destination would come closer to you.
Just like, in contrast, the expanding universe. I’m not moving. Milky Way ain’t moving.
Yes, it is moving a small amount, but like, cosmological scales, it’s not moving. Don’t be pedantic about that. Milky Way galaxy ain’t moving.
That distant galaxy ain’t moving. And yet, we are getting further apart because space itself is stretching. The Alcubierre warp drive expands space behind your bubble and compresses space in front of your bubble.
It rearranges the geometry of space itself between you and your destination so that you arrive at your destination without even moving. And since no movement means no time dilation, all clocks on board the ship agree with clocks belonging to stationary observers outside the bubble. We don’t have to worry about all those time dilation calculations, like, oh, this ship is moving, you know, 0.9, 90% the speed of light, and so its clock is running. We don’t do that because the spaceship isn’t moving. Space itself is being manipulated. But because all of these clocks agree, I’ve got a stopwatch, you’ve got a stopwatch, you go in your warp drive bubble, you reach your destination, we compare notes about how long it took, we’re going to agree.
Not necessarily for how long it took for you to reach your destination, more like how long it took for your destination to arrive at you. And this means this wave compression, expansion bubble setup can be made as powerful as you like, which means the trip can be as short as you want. It could take a year, it could take a microsecond, it doesn’t matter, everyone would agree that you could arrive at your destination or your destination arrives at you faster than light.
So if I were to send a flashlight pulse or a radio transmission saying, welcome to your destination, you would beat that radio transmission, you would beat that flash of light because the flash of light has to go the normal way, meanwhile you get to manipulate space and time and get there sooner. That’s a warp drive. But listen, I mean, come on, it’s one thing to write down what the space-time structure around a warp drive would look like, but it’s a completely different thing to be, you know, real.
That’s because the structure of space-time doesn’t just sit alone as its own entity, it’s tied to the energy and matter inside that space-time. That’s general relativity in a nutshell. Matter and energy tell space-time how to bend, and the bending of space-time tells matter and energy how to move.
Alcubierre was able to solve the first part. He was able to construct a valid solution to the equations of general relativity that enable a warp drive. But now we need to tackle the second part.
How do we arrange matter and energy to make that particular configuration of space-time possible? That is the real question. That’s the million-dollar question right there.
Not, one thing, it is amazing that general relativity even allows for the structure of a, what is essentially a warp drive. It didn’t have to. It did, which is pretty cool.
Now we have to decide if it’s real, and we decide if it’s real by looking at what kind of matter and energy would be necessary to construct that kind of bubble, to make space compress in front of a bubble and expand behind it. Can we do it? And that’s when we start running into trouble.
In fact, right away we run into three troubles. And these three troubles are called the energy conditions. Now before I describe the energy conditions, I need to make a disclaimer.
What I’m about to say are not iron laws of physics or the universe. They are instead reasonable guesses as to how nature makes sense. General relativity is a machine.
You put in various configurations of space-time, various arrangements of matter and energy. You turn the handle, and you learn how gravity works. General relativity on its own doesn’t tell you what’s real and what’s not.
You have to look at other things. You have to use other, say, laws of physics to decide if a situation actually works. Or failing that, if there’s no clear law of physics that you can point to, then we have these things called the energy conditions.
For example, general relativity says black holes exist. And for a while we’re like, oh no, you’re just kidding, Einstein. And then it turns out they do exist.
General relativity also says that white holes exist. But guess what? White holes don’t exist.
Other laws of physics, other rules, step in to rule out the existence of white holes. General relativity is a machine that produces answers, and we need some sort of filter to decide which answers are good and reasonable and which are stupid. These filters can change.
These are not set in stone. These do not come from physical theory. They don’t come from something like conservation of momentum.
They don’t come from any of that. They’re just statements that seem to make sense in our universe, that we think are true, even though we have no direct proof, except a lifetime of experience and observation, that shows absolutely no violation of them. There are many of these so-called energy conditions, and what they do is they place limits on what energy is allowed to do in the universe.
The three that we care about today, when it comes to Alcubierre and his little warp drive, are called the strong energy condition, the dominant energy condition, and the weak energy condition. The strong energy condition states generally that matter must gravitate towards matter. That local gravity is always and always forever attractive.
Global, cosmological scales, yeah, you’re fine. You can do other stuff. You can have dark energy.
That’s cool. But local gravity is always going to be attractive and never repulsive. The dominant energy condition states that energy must not flow faster than the speed of light.
That’s not a description about matter, just raw energy. And then the weak energy condition is that your local energy density must always be positive. This means that negative mass and negative energy, aka exotic matter, don’t exist.
Once again, these are not iron laws of the universe. These are just observations we have made after a century of playing around with Einstein’s relativity and looking out in the wider cosmos. And dang it, the warp drive solution of Alcubierre appears to violate all three.
It violates the strong energy condition because we have a situation where local gravity is repulsive. It’s pushing on your ship. The warp drive violates the dominant energy condition because we have energy flowing faster than the speed of light.
And it appears to violate the weak energy condition because to set up this warp bubble, to get that very particular structure in spacetime that is compressed in front of the ship and stretched out behind the ship, you need that ship, you need a ball of negative mass, of negative energy density. That’s the only way to make that warp drive geometry solution of spacetime work. When you do the math, you say, okay, I got my spacetime.
What does my matter and energy look like on the other side of Einstein’s relativity equations? And you start turning the crank and you end up with numbers with negative signs in front of them. Oops.
By the way, that’s exactly the same issue that traversable wormholes run into. You need negative energy or negative matter. Now, you could just say, hey, maybe these energy conditions are wrong.
Our intuitions are off. Nature is more clever than us. Go right ahead and try to find any example anywhere in the natural universe where these conditions are violated.
You’re going to have a tough time finding places where matter doesn’t gravitate towards matter, where local gravity isn’t attractive. You’re going to have a tough time finding places where energy flows faster than the speed of light. So as long as these conditions appear to hold, the warp drive is out.
But hey, hey, hey, hey, hey, hey, hey, wait a minute, wait a minute, wait a minute. What about that last one? You know, that the local energy density must always be positive.
Don’t we have that Casimir effect? Hasn’t that Paul Sutter guy on the Ask a Spaceman podcast talked about the Casimir effect before and how it leads to negative energy density? Yeah, I think he has.
It’s true. So you’ve got all these quantum fields in the universe. The space, time, space and time themselves are like vibrating with this fundamental quantum energy representing the building blocks of matter and forces, which is super cool.
This is the basis of quantum field theory. And yeah, if you take two metal plates and hold them really, really close together, there are fewer quantum fields between the plates than there are outside the plates and you get a pressure pushing the plates together. This has been experimentally verified.
And in the region between the plates, you can, because there’s tons of energy outside the plates with all these quantum fields, there’s like this background energy built into the universe. It’s actually technically infinite, but not today’s episode. There’s like all this background energy in the universe and then in the plates there are fewer quantum fields, which means there’s less energy.
So, if I take the outside minus the inside, like there’s a difference. There’s negative energy density between the plates. That looks like, to me, that the weak energy condition is violated because you just had a local patch of the universe with negative energy density.
Now, there are arguments, there are always arguments, that it’s not really a violation of the weak energy condition, that you have to average over certain scales or time frames, yada, yada, yada. There’s some back and forth. It’s kind of hard to tell whether this energy condition truly is violated, but hey, hey, let’s run with it.
Forget the other two energy conditions. You know, the warp drive clearly violates those, but here’s the line of thought. Here’s the line of thought.
The Casimir effect might just violate one of these energy conditions. It’s open for debate and it seems plausible because we literally have a case that looks like negative energy density. So hey, if the weak energy condition can be violated, maybe that’s a sign that in certain special cases when the universe isn’t looking, the other energy conditions might be violated and voila, we can build warp drives.
So maybe this is a sign, maybe the Casimir effect is a sign that the energy conditions are not iron laws of the universe that must be obeyed 100% of the time, but are a little more loosey-goosey than that. We just haven’t come up with clever ways to route around it. Okay, okay, fair, fair.
Since the Casimir effect seems to be an interesting case, that’s fair to say. Let’s take a closer look. Maybe if the energy conditions aren’t set in stone and if we have a possible example of a violation of one of them, then maybe we can use that as a wedge to see if the warp drive works.
Maybe we could somehow, I don’t know, like magnify the Casimir effect to create the warp drive conditions. In other words, maybe we could combine our knowledge of gravity with general relativity and combine that with our knowledge of quantum mechanics to, oh shoot, that’s right. That’d be a theory of quantum gravity, which let me see here, let me do a quick Google search.
Nope, still don’t have it. Still haven’t figured it out. We don’t have a theory of quantum gravity.
The ultimate answer to whether Alcubierre’s warp drive works or anybody’s warp drive works lies with a complete theory of quantum gravity, which we don’t have. But hey, we’re not going to just sit around and wait for that theory to fall out of the sky. Let’s get to work.
Poke around at the edges. Contribute to Patreon. That’s patreon.com slash P.M. Sutter. And that’s how you can contribute to this show. I truly appreciate all of your contributions. I’m not going to solve quantum gravity.
Sorry, that’s not really my thing. Not really my wheelhouse. But hey, you can still contribute and keep this show going, which is a nice consolation prize.
But the idea is, let’s not just wait for the full theory. Let’s poke around. Let’s see if there are any interesting intersections of quantum field theory and gravity.
See if we can look at these energy conditions, the warp drive solution, to see if anything interesting pops out. Maybe if we keep running into roadblocks, then that’s a sign that these energy conditions are real and that they should be baked into a future version of quantum gravity. Or if we can keep finding ways around it and finding these little gaps, maybe the energy conditions aren’t all they’re cracked up to be.
And that knowledge should be baked into a quantum theory of gravity. And then we should totally build warp drives and explore the universe. But I have to admit, this part is a little fuzzy because we’re not exactly sure what we’re doing.
This is why in the years since 1994, you’ll occasionally hear you see news headlines saying, oh, warp drives are awesome. They’re great. They work now.
And then a few months later, warp drives don’t work. And then a few months later, warp drives kind of work in certain special cases and around and around and around. It’s not that we can’t make up our minds, but it’s that these calculations sit at the very edge of our knowledge and abilities.
And if I’m being honest beyond them, so things are going to shift around quite a bit. And the truth is that we don’t have a firm answer. For example, one set of calculations suggests that quantum fields living at the edge of the warp drive bubble that sort of straddle the boundary between the inside bits and the outside bits of the bubble essentially blow up to infinity as soon as you turn the thing on, which would be bad, very bad.
Like you build your warp drive. Even if you collect your negative matter, let’s say, okay, okay, negative energy density is fine. Let’s pack it into the ship.
Let’s pack our negative matter in. What happens when we turn this on? If we break that energy condition and we accumulate enough negative energy density, enough negative mass, enough exotic matter, we cram that into the ship and then we press go.
We pull our lever, push our button. The same quantum fields that are responsible for things like the Casimir effect, some of them are inside the bubble, some of them are outside the bubble, and they essentially get ripped to shreds and they blow up to infinity and your whole thing vaporizes. The end.
Short movie. But other calculations say that only applies in certain limited cases, and if you ramp up the warp engine slowly enough, you’re going to be fine. Maybe.
I don’t know anyone who’s willing to perform that experiment, but thankfully this is all theoretical. Yet more calculations sidestep all this and just look at how much negative energy you actually need to construct your warp drive. Assuming you can violate the weak energy condition willy-nilly and just have as much negative mass, negative energy, exotic matter, whatever you want to call it, shoved into your spaceship, how much are we talking about?
A bucket full? A ton? And the answer is for a single macroscopic bubble, say 100 meters across, that’s big.
That’s like a football field. A reasonably sized spaceship. To make a warp drive bubble that big, you need 10 times more negative energy than the entire positive energy contained in the entire universe.
So you would need 10 universes worth of negative energy to power your thing, which doesn’t sound very promising, let alone all the arguments that it may be impossible right out the gate. However, still other calculations showed that this only applies to the traditional warp bubble as defined by Alcubierre. It might be possible to reshape the bubble so that there’s a tiny net in the front that’s doing the work of compressing space.
Then it balloons out to an envelope to contain the warp bubble pocket region thing. This minimizes any weird quantum voodoo so that you only need, well, it’s not 10 universes worth of negative energy. You need something like a star’s worth of negative energy.
So you need a negative mass star to shape the thing. Also, that energy has to be compressed into something than an atomic nucleus, which is just going to give you a black hole. Negative matter or positive matter doesn’t matter.
And the warp drive that you make this way is only going to be a few times the Planck length, which is small. I mean, okay, like maybe it’s impractical, but impractical is different than impossible for two reasons. One, if a warp drive is merely impractical, like you need a ridiculous amount of negative energy, but then that’s an engineering problem.
Engineers are brilliant. They’ve solved all sorts of problems that seemed impractical and then they turn around and they’re like, here’s your solution. And you’re like, oh, I didn’t know that was possible through sheer cleverness and ingenuity.
And second, we are using warp drives not necessarily to explore the universe ourselves. We’re using warp drives to explore the physics of the universe because if warp drives are possible, then that opens up enormous implications for the nature of quantum gravity and fundamental physics. It tells us a lot about energy conditions and quantum gravity and all the possibilities.
That’s huge. That’s valuable. So it’s one thing to say, well, this is impossible.
Then that’s one particular branch that we’ll have to follow as we continue to explore and try to understand quantum gravity. But if it’s merely implausible, then that’s a completely different discussion. So yeah, Planck-sized warp bubbles powered by negative stars.
This sounds crazy. Also a great line for a science fiction show and also opens up fascinating possibilities about the future of physics. Even more calculations show that even if you were to get a hold of some negative energy or negative mass or exotic matter, as soon as you start moving, you’re going to run into problems.
Namely, that the negative mass immediately starts flowing out of the edge of the bubble, which is bad, at a speed faster than light, which is really bad. So not only are you violating one of the energy conditions, which might or might not be true or accurate, so maybe that’s okay. But just the fact that the negative mass that you have in the center of your spaceship, as soon as you start going, the negative mass starts flowing away.
What ends up happening is that the exotic matter constructing the warp bubble can’t keep pace with the bubble itself. So the bubble stops being a bubble because the whole point is to have negative matter compressed into a very tiny volume to generate this bubble. But then once you start moving, the bubble goes one way, the negative matter goes that way, and you have a different space-time.
The bubble collapses. And yes, there are more calculations that suggest that subluminal bubbles, these are warp drives that go slower than the speed of light, may not require exotic matter, that it only switches to needing exotic matter when you want to go faster than light. But man, you know what?
Going 99% of the speed of light still sounds great. I mean, you’re not going to get there, like, I mean, it’s still a long drive, but it’s still a drive. I’ll take 99% of the speed of light over 0% of the speed of light.
And it may be possible in those cases to build warp drives without negative matter. You just need normal matter, normal energy doing its thing can create a subluminal, a subspeed of light warp drive. You know, those same calculations show you need something like the mass of Jupiter squeezed down into, well, a tiny spaceship, which once again might just, might just end up making a black hole.
So it’s like, man, that’s not a great idea. Look, like I said, we have no idea what we’re doing. So for now, we’ll just have to sit back, relax, and enjoy the show.
Thank you to Ashley K. and Mark H. for the questions that led to today’s episode.
Thank you to all of you that are asking questions. That’s askaspaceman.com, or you can email me, askaspaceman at gmail.com. Keep sending me questions.
I love it. Keep dropping reviews on your favorite podcasting platform that helps to show visibility and thank you so much for all the Patreon contributions. Your support really helps and it really means a lot.
That’s patreon.com slash P.M. Sutter. P as in Paul, M as in Matthew, Sutter, like butter, but with an S. And I’d like to thank this month my top Patreon contributors, just the top ones, they get a special shout out.
They are Justin G, Chris L, Alberto M, Duncan M, Corey D, Robert B, Michael B, Nyla, Sam R, John S, Joshua, Scott M, Rob H, Scott M, Louis M, John W, Alexis, Gilbert M, Rob W, Jessica M, Jules R, Mike G, Jim L, David S, Scott R, Heather, Mike S, Pete H, Steve S, Lisa R, Koozie, Kevin B, Michael B, Eileen G, Toho W, Steven W, and Brian O. That’s patreon.com slash P.M. Sutter, askaspaceman.com for all your question asking needs. And I will see you next time for more complete knowledge of time and space.
[Outtro]
You’re listening to the 365 days of astronomy podcast. Cool.
The 365 days of astronomy podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. Audio post-production is by me, Richard Drum. Project management is by Aviva Yamani, and hosting is donated by LibSyn.com.
This content is released under a Creative Commons attribution, non-commercial 4.0 international license. Please share what you love, but don’t sell what’s free. This show is made possible thanks to the generous donations of people like you.
Please consider supporting our show on patreon.com forward slash CosmoQuestX and get access to bonus content. Without your passion and contribution, we won’t be able to share the stories and inspire the world. We invite you to join our community of storytellers and share your voice with listeners worldwide.
As we wrap up today’s episode, we’re looking forward to unraveling more stories from the universe. With every new discovery from ground-based and space-based observatories, and each milestone in space exploration, we come closer to understanding the cosmos and our place within it. Until next time, let the stars guide your curiosity.
End of podcast:
365 Days of Astronomy
=====================
The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by Planetary Science Institute. Audio post production by me, Richard Drumm, project management by Avivah Yamani, and hosting donated by libsyn.com. This content is released under a creative commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license. Please share what you love but don’t sell what’s free.
This show is made possible thanks to the generous donations of people like you! Please consider supporting our show on Patreon.com/CosmoQuestX and get access to bonus content. Without your passion and contribution, we won’t be able to share the stories and inspire the worlds. We invite you to join our community of storytellers and share your voice with listeners worldwide.
As we wrap up today’s episode, we are looking forward to unravel more stories from the Universe. With every new discovery from ground-based and space-based observatories, and each milestone in space exploration, we come closer to understanding the cosmos and our place within it.
Until next time let the stars guide your curiosity!