Were the dark ages really dark? What is a perturbation, and how did they grow in the early universe?

Were the dark ages really dark? What is a perturbation, and how did they grow in the early universe?
What is the so-called “OMG Particle”? Where could it possibly come from, and how are magnetic fields involved? How can we detect these cosmic rays?
Seriously, What is Gravity? Another story of gravity about How did Einstein develop General Relativity? What does it mean for different kinds of masses to be equivalent? How does gravity do what it does? Why is curvature so important in understanding gravity?
How did Einstein develop General Relativity? What does it mean for different kinds of masses to be equivalent? How does gravity do what it does?
What makes Iceland so warm despite its high latitude? What powers everything from glaciers to geysers?
Why are small stars red? Why are small stars so common? Why are small stars so interesting for the hunt for life?
What did Hubble really discover? Why does redshift imply an expanding universe? Why is the night sky dark? Why is there so much hydrogen, and how is that connected to the Big Bang?