How did chemists save astronomy? What’s so important about the spectrum, and how are they made? How can we tell what things in space are made out of?

How did chemists save astronomy? What’s so important about the spectrum, and how are they made? How can we tell what things in space are made out of?
Why is infrared astronomy so hard? How do we fit giant telescopes into tiny rockets? What will the James Webb uncover?
Where does the quantum world begin? Why do we have a hard time fundamentally understanding quantum systems? What connects quantum and classical physics?
Why is it so hard to predict solar eclipses? How did Newton and Halley team up to solve it? What have we learned from solar eclipses since then?
What’s the deal with redshift? How can we actually interpret velocities when it comes to cosmic expansion?
Is light made of waves or particles? Is matter made of waves or particles? What does it mean for matter to “wave”, anyway?