The centre of Sun goes into 13 constellations of zodiac.

Since the disc of the Sun has 15 minutes radius, a part of the Sun goes into Cetus (9 minutes from ecliptic).

But where do other planets go?

Moon has orbital inclination of about 5 degrees from ecliptic. But Earth itself is 2 degrees across from Moon. It should therefore follow that the centre of the Moon can go, for example, up to 6 degrees south of ecliptic in northern regions, but only up to 4 degrees south in southern regions. Also the disc of the Moon is another 15 minutes radius.

Are there any constellations where Moon goes only in some parts of Earth, or where the centre of Moon does not go anywhere but parts of the disc do?

Regarding the other 7 planets: the distance Earth-Mars can get much shorter than the distance Sun-Mars.
The orbit of Mars is quite inclined, and since Earth gets close to Mars, the angle between Sun-Earth and Earth-Mars lines is bigger than the angle between Sun-Earth and Sun-Mars lines.

But how big exactly should obviously depend on the angle between the nodes of Mars and apsides of Mars. What is the maximum distance of Mars from ecliptic, and in which constellation?

Likewise Venus has small inclination, but since Venus gets near Earth, the angle between Sun-Earth and Venus-Earth should get bigger than the angle between Sun-Earth and Sun-Venus.

To the contrary, Mercury is closer to Sun than Earth; and therefore although Mercury is quite inclined, the angle between Sun-Earth and Mercury-Earth should remain smaller than the angle between Sun-Earth and Sun-Venus. Again, the angle between the nodes of Mercury and apsides of Mercury should matter.

In which constellations do planets get?